• Electronic Assembly
  • SMT Component & Assembly
  • Reliability Enhancement
  • SMD Components
  • Nano Technology Introduction
• Satellite Communication
  • Fundamentals of SatCom
  • Link Budgeting Explained
  • Satellite link budget calculator
  • Satellite look-angle calculator
  • Satellite Phones
• Computers & Networking
  • The Mother Board
  • OSI Model: A tutorial
  • Introduction to TCP/IP
  • Computer Networking
  • Routers -IOS & JUNOS
  • Wimax, LTE, and 3G/3.5G - Intro
  • WiMAX: Wireless Broadband
  • Broadband Internet Technologies
  • RFID: A Beginner's Guide
  • Spread Spectrum Comms.
  • Flash Memory Tutorial
  • Printers and Scanners
  • A tutorial on IPv6
  • Cellular Phones
  • Cloud Computing
  • Tablet PCs
• RF Test & Measurements
  • Co-axial Cable Measurements
  • Spectrum Analyzers Intro
  • Noise Figure Measurement
  • Time/Frequency Standards
  • Coax Cables - Intro
• Software
  • Introduction to Java
  • Introduction to MySQL
  • ActiveX EXE:Beginner's Guide
  • Working w/ MyODBC & MySQL
  • Drag-n-Drop Using Visual Basic
  • Drag-n-Drop Using VB.net
  • Network Simulator-2 (NS2)

4.Modifiers

Modifiers are Java keywords that provide information to compiler about the nature of the code, data and classes.

 

Access Modifiers:

 

Modifiers	Can be used on	Meaning
Private	Can be applied to methods and constructors.	It means only the class can access it, not even sub-classes.  So, it’ll cause access denial to a sub-class’s own variable/method.
Protected	Can be applied to class itself (only to inner classes declared at class level, no such thing as protected or private top level class)	It means all classes in the same package (like default) and sub-classes in any package can access the features. But a subclass in another package can access the protected members in the super-class via only the references of subclass or its subclasses. A subclass in the same package doesn’t have this restriction. This ensures that classes from other packages are accessing only the members that are part of their inheritance hierarchy.
Public	Can be applied to class, Interfaces, and members	It means public class is accessible anywhere, Public interfaces is accessible anywhere and public member is accessible anywhere its class is.

 

 Non-Access modifiers:

 

Modifiers	Can be used on	Meaning
Abstract	Class	Abstract class contains unimplemented methods. And it cannot be instantiated
	Method	Abstract method has only signature no implementation. The containing class is abstract
	Interface	All interfaces are abstract
Static	Class	Make an inner class top-level class
	Method	A static method is invoked through the class name. A static method can access only static variables. Also Static methods may not be overridden to be non-static.
	Variables	Static variables are initialized at class load time. A class has only one copy of these variables.
	Free floating code-block (static initializer)	Run when the class is loaded, rather than when an instance is created.
Native	Can be applied to methods only. (Static methods also)	It means method is written in a non-Java language, compiled for a single machine target type. Native doesn’t affect access qualifiers. Native methods can be private. You can pass/return Java objects from native methods
Final	Class	Final classes cannot be sub-classed
	Method	Final methods cannot be overridden
	Variables	Final variables cannot be changed. (Either a value has to be specified at declaration or an assignment statement can appear only once).
	Field	Cannot change its value. Static final fields are compile-time constants.
Synchronized	Can be applied to methods or parts of methods only.	Used to control access to critical code in multi-threaded programs. .For a static method, a lock for the class is acquired before executing the method. For a non-static method, a lock for the specific object instance is acquired.
Volatile	Can be applied to variables, static variables but NOT final variables	Declaring a variable volatile indicates that it might be modified asynchronously, so that all threads will get the correct value of the variable. Used in multi-processor environments
Transient	Can be applied to class level variables only.(Local variables cannot be declared transient)	Transient variables may not be final or static.(But compiler allows the declaration, since it doesn’t do any harm. Variables marked transient are never serialized. Static variables are not serialized anyway.) Not stored as part of object’s persistent state, i.e. not written out during serialization. Can be used for security.